Effect Of Coffee On Alertness Essay - 1190 Words

Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITREATURE This chapter presents the related literature and studies that the researchers found significant for the improvement of the research. This will also serve as a synthesis of all the gathered research for the greater understanding of the reader and the researchers as well. The discussion for this chapter will be divided into parts. The first part is about coffee and it aspects, like the coffee industry and coffee consumption. Following that part is the discussion of caffeine, the major component of coffee, which includes its positive and negative effects on health. The third part concerns alertness, which is the other focus of our research. After that comes the last part which discusses the link between the two and what are the effects of coffee on alertness. The discussion will answer some of our research question and is important for the success of this paper. Coffee as an Industry Around the world, one of the well-known beverages and the most consumed or exported product, after petroleum, is none other known as coffee. Coffee is developed in around over 80 nations and involves itself in worldwide business. Specifically, the universal coffee trade includes about 500 million people for management; beginning from cultivation until the final consumption. The coffee industry manufactures huge amounts of coffee-by-products which are considered as prosperous nutrient resources. Examples of these by-products are such that of coffee husks andShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Caffeine On Our Lives1214 Words   |  5 PagesDo you start your day with a fresh, steaming cup of coffee? Do you drink coffee to satisfy your addictive craze? Do you need caffeine to keep you awake? Well, roughly 80% of Americans do. In an average day 90% of Americans consume some type of caffeine. With so many people ingesting caffeine, do they know what it is? Are you conscious of your intake? Do you know how much you have per day? Did you know you could die from caffeine poisoning or overdose? You can! Do you need to consume caffeine dailyRead MoreCoffee Daily: Windows to the World1571 Words   |  6 Pagesthe world wake up to a cup of coffee but is this harmful or beneficial? Research shows that the pros to coffee, at responsible amounts per day, outweigh the cons or negative effects of coffee and even have the same effects as medicines given over the counter at pharmacy or even prescribed by a pharmacist. Many people just drink coffee without even knowing the location of where coffee began but this can be very crucial to the understanding to finding the benefits of coffee. â€Å"In the Ethiopian highlandsRead MoreEssay on The Beneficial Effects of Caffeine1441 Words   |  6 Pagesprocess and help boost alertness when used in moderation because of the different types of research that supports caffeine stimulation. Caffeine comes in many different forms, and is an important in many people’s lives. In order to understand how caffeine has the potential to stimulate the memory, you must understand what caffeine is. Caffeine isn’t sugary or sweet like most substances that contain caffeine. Caffeine is actually a bitter substance, which has many effects on the body’s metabolismRead MoreThe World s Most Favorite Drink Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pagesclothing, dyes, paints, inks, papers, fertilizers, pesticides, lubricants and much more. One of the most used plant is Coffea Arabica, commonly known as coffee. Coffee is the world’s most favorite drink and the most important commercial crop plant. People drink coffee to relieve mental and physical fatigue and to increase mental alertness. Coffee is also used to prevent Parkinson s disease, gallstones, type 2 diabetes, gastrointestinal cancer, lung cancer, and breast cancer. Other uses include treatmentRead MoreThe Impact of Dr inking too Much Caffeine1275 Words   |  6 Pagesof almost 2 cups of coffee), with as many as 30% of Americans consuming 500 mg or more per day. The most common sources of caffeine includes coffee beans, tea plants, kola nuts, mate leaves, guarana paste and yoco bark. To understand the unique role that caffeine plays, it is useful to gain perspective on its common sources which is unfermented beverages. Some of the beverages in the amount 5oz contains the following caffeine content. Brewed coffee (90 to125 mg), Instant coffee (35 to164mg), DecaffeinatedRead MoreCaffeine Essay867 Words   |  4 Pagesbetter? Chocolate can improve your memory because of a drug called caffeine. Caffeine is contained in many different kinds of foods and drinks like coffee, chocolate and tea. It is a legal drug that consumed worldwide. Its function is to stimulate the central nervous system associated with brain function that affects mental performance especially alertness, attention and concentration . Theobromine is an active ingredient of chocolate that is found in cocoa. Theobromine and caffeine are related and haveRead MoreEssay On Caffeine1241 Words   |  5 Pagescaffeine, the caffeine can mask the depressant effects of alcohol, making drinkers feel more alert than they would otherwise. While mixing caffeine and alcohol is increases your energy and it can mask the effects of alcohol.† Site: www.cdc.gov/alcohol and www.healthline.com †¢ What are the harmful and beneficial effects of caffeine? â€Å"Caffeine acts as a central nervous system stimulant. When it reaches your brain, the most noticeable effect is alertness. You’ll feel more awake and less tired, so it’sRead MoreCaffeine, is it Helping or Hurting America?1089 Words   |  5 Pagesprescription drugs, cigarettes, foods, etc. The most consumed sources of caffeine are coffee and tea, and it [caffeine] can be harmful on your health, as well as addictive. America should be aware of the causes and effects caffeine has on the human body, which can lead to addiction and bad side effects. Coffee and tea have been used by humans for many years. Those beverages are the primary source of human’s caffeine intake. Coffee and tea go back to the earliest human history. A Greek poet Homer, who livedRead MoreNegative Effects Of Caffeine992 Words   |  4 PagesThe effect of caffeine on accuracy in a sports related task Introduction The use of caffeine is worldwide, contained in a range of foods, beverages and medicines with it being one of the most frequently consumed ingredients worldwide (Heckman, Weil, Mejia, Gonzalez, 2010). Extensive research has been conducted into caffeine and its effects on our cognitive functioning and development, with many studies concluding that due to its beneficial effects surrounding enhanced performance and awarenessRead MoreEffects Of Caffeine On People s Lives927 Words   |  4 Pageshuge part of North American culture, it is consumed in coffee, teas, chocolate, energy drinks and many other goods. Coffee is the main source of caffeine, and is frequently consumed socially. Because people rely on this substance so heavily, its side effects are often speculated. People who tend to consume large amounts of caffeine notice shakiness, nervousness, irritability, and increased heart rate (Whiteman.) However, the positive effects are much greater, and some include decreased risk for oral

Dunkin Donuts Free Essays

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the aspects of Ramone becoming a franchisee of Dunkin’ Donuts. The writer will talk about any critical issues that Ramone will face during this process. In addition, the writer will discuss any information that Ramone should be privy to prior to becoming a franchisee. We will write a custom essay sample on Dunkin Donuts or any similar topic only for you Order Now The author will also deliberate about what marketing mix the future franchisee should look for with his business and what marketing information he should seek. Lastly, the writer will give his/her recommendations on what actions should be taken to rectify any critical issues that were identified. Introduction Dunkin’ Donuts was the creation of Bill Rosenberg, who opened the first store in Quincy, Massachusetts in 1950. The slogan, â€Å"America Runs on Dunkin† has become a household phrase. Dunkin’ Donuts is considered the world’s largest coffee and baked goods chains, surpassing the Starbucks and Krispy Kreme chains. They serve more than 52 different varieties of donuts, over a dozen types of coffees, and an assortment of other baked goods (www. dunkindonuts. com). It is a wonder that more people are not jumping at the opportunity to become a part of this great brand. Ramone has come to realize what a great opportunity this would be and is ready to start the franchising process. Ramone has been interested in franchising for some time now. He was never quite sure what type of business he would end up choosing. He only knew one thing for sure; it would be in the food service industry. The aspiring Dunkin’ Donuts franchisee, has realized the potential that this chain holds. He meets all of their qualifications, which are a net worth of $1, 500,000, cash liquidity of $750,000, and prior business experience (http://www. entrepreneur. com/franchises/dunkindonuts/282304-0. html). He has decided that he wants to become a Dunkin’ Donuts franchisee, but has some uncertainties. Critical Issues One critical issue that caused Ramone to be apprehensive was the marketing aspect of franchising. â€Å"Marketing involves everything that it takes to get a product or service into the buyer’s hands† (Judd Justice, 2008). The Dunkin Donuts franchisee is eligible for marketing support in the form of regional advertising (http://www. entrepreneur. com/franchises/dunkindonuts/282304-0. html). Ramone is unsure what is marketing strategy will consist of; that is, what customers he should market to and what will fulfill their needs. Another issue that Ramone is struggling with was where he should place his new Dunkin Donuts franchise. This is an important factor in determining his success or failure as a new franchisee. It falls under the marketing mix, which include product, price, promotion, and place (Judd Justice, 2008). Product aspect would include the brand, quality, and packaging. The price aspect would include financing, product pricing, and possible discounts for the product. Promotion includes the budget, any advertising of the franchise and/or product, and possible media coverage. The last piece of the marketing mix, place, would include the location, target market, and the channels used to get the product to the customer. This formula is something that must be understood completely in order for Ramone to use it to his advantage when beginning the franchise process. Dunkin’ Donuts must approve the location that the franchisee has selected. There are also some ideal guidelines that the corporate offices have set in order to ensure the optimal success. The land should be anywhere from ? to 2 acres in size. The building itself should be 1,200 to 2,600 square feet. The location should be easily visible to potential customers and have ample parking available. These are just a few of the many suggestions that are given to franchisees on the Dunkin’ Donuts franchising website. Ramone is also concerned about product development and how often something new is added to the mix. He is excited at the prospect of being able to use some of his creative energy to possibly create the â€Å"next big thing†. Typically, this type of issue is covered in the franchisor/franchisee contract or can be addressed during the 6-week training program. This is definitely something that Ramone needs to look into since he is feels so strongly about it. Information Needed Prior to Becoming a DD Franchisee Franchising can be a risky business. Dunkin’ Donuts is a nationally known brand, but even with that going for them there could still be problems. There is not a 100% guarantee that the business will succeed. The franchisee may go into the endeavor believing that there is an assurance of a huge profit and that may not always be the case. Ramone needs to be aware of the benefits and the drawbacks of becoming a franchisee for Dunkin’ Donuts. He would also need to make sure he understood the aspects of the franchisor contract, which sometimes includes hidden fees and guidelines that would be the responsibility of the franchisee. The contracts have strict clauses that would alarm even the savviest of lawyers. According to an article written on the New York Daily News website, Dunkin’ Donuts has made it common practice to sue franchisees over the minutest things (http://www. nydailynews. com/ny_local/brooklyn/2008/04/29/2008-04-29_dunkin_donuts_business_practices_have_lo-1. html). Marketing Information Marketing is essential to the start-up of any new business. It is how you represent the business so that customers will use your service or buy your product. Ramone is not that knowledgeable when it comes to who his target market is, what location he should choose for his Dunkin’ Donuts franchise, or the aspects of the marketing process in general. There is significant information that Ramone should find prior to starting the franchising process. First, Ramone should research markets to see exactly who his target market would be. Would it be 18-25 year olds? Would it be 50-65 year olds? This information is critical in planning. If the majority of his market is older, then he could offer senior discounts on certain days? If it was the younger generation, then he could have live music on Fridays. The information could provide a wealth of opportunities for him and ensure success if approved by headquarters. Dunkin’ Donuts offers some information that will assist Ramone in the early phase. He would have access to market research, brand management, regional and national advertising, and professional support as needed (https://www. dunkinfranchising. om/aboutus/franchise/franchise-profile-demo. html). The Marketing Mix The marketing mix consists of product, place, promotion and price. These 4 aspects of marketing are essential for getting a franchise off the ground and off to a good start. Ramone will need to focus on the quality of the product (s) he will be selling. The Dunkin’ Donuts chain pride is known for providing high quality products and excellent c ustomer service at a convenient and clean atmosphere (Judd Justice, 2008). The customer experience is very important to any business, but it is a trademark at Dunkin’ Donuts. Ramone will have access to construction managers, training consultants, and wide array of other tools (https://www. dunkinfranchising. com/aboutus/franchise/franchise-profile-demo. html). The location that he chooses for his franchise has to be approved by Dunkin’ professionals who are familiar with what works and what does not. Brand recognition is not an issue because Dunlin’ Donuts is a household name and that works in Ramone’s favor. In addition to the basic marketing strategies used by Dunkin’ Donuts, Ramone could make additions that would capture the attention of his target market. Blogs, free Wi-Fi, live music on the weekends, contests, special discounts, and loyalty programs are just a few ideas that would work for the franchise. Recommendations One issue that Ramone faced was his lack of knowledge in the marketing field. He had prior business experience, but that did not included marketing. One of the aspects of the Dunkin’ Donuts franchising process is to attend a mandatory, 6- week training course at Dunkin’ Donuts University. The training program includes information about product methods, accounting, budgeting, and employee motivation (Judd Justice, 2008). The writer recommends that a crash course in marketing be given as well. Dunkin’ Donuts provides assistance with this through access to marketing professionals, but it would definitely benefit franchisees to have a little background in it. Many franchisors offer extensive training for all levels of employees in the franchise (Justis Chan, 1991). Another critical issue that Ramone is having is where to start construction on his franchise. The ‘place’ aspect of the marketing mix includes both physical location and how the product is distributed, which makes it the most challenging component to modify (Schneider Bradish, 2006). Location is an integral part of a successful business. If a business is far out customers may never make it out. The writer’s recommendation is for Ramone to utilize the professional assistance offered once becoming a franchisee. It is important to the success of the franchise to have the franchisee involved in every level of the franchise operation and that includes selection of location (Stites, 2008). Product development and the ever-evolving customer experience are also very high on Ramone’s list of issues. He wants to make sure that his venture is successful and will continue to be for many years to come. One very big reason for Dunkin’ Donuts’ success is its ability to change its campaigns as deemed necessary by the world around it a specific moment in time (Renfrow, 2010). It is the writer’s recommendation for Ramone to seek out the advice of the many professionals that he would have access to as a franchisee. Their advice will be invaluable and could help him or at least lead him in the right path. Conclusion Ramone is a young businessman that has decided to start the franchising process with Dunkin’ Donuts. He has a few issues that make him leery to begin the process. However, those issues should be no problem to address with the extensive, 6-week training provided by Dunkin’ Donuts University. Ramone is excited about the limited possibilities that going into this new endeavor could bring for him. He has already started thinking about new products and promotions that would draw new customers in and keep the old customers coming back. The writer has recommended that Ramone utilize all the great tools provided by Dunkin’ Donuts to its franchisees. They offer a wealth of information that stems around making sure the franchisee is successful. How to cite Dunkin Donuts, Papers

Pearl Harbor and the Truth Essay Example For Students

Pearl Harbor and the Truth Essay The Day of Deceit or the Day of Infamy, or both? The surprise bombing of Pearl Harbor was the entire reason for the United States entrance into World War II. Many elements play into this event. For instance, the Japanese chose this site for several reasons. In addition, there are various theories that Franklin Delano Roosevelt was made aware of this attack, yet allowed it to occur. Known as The Day of Infamy , the bombing is taught in our history classes for an infinity of years to come. How did we react at the time? What did Washington do to prevent this? Why Pearl Harbor anyway? The bombing of Pearl Harbor was a desperate FDRs backdoor into the Second World War. December 7, 1941 dawned bright, clear and beautiful over Pearl Harbor. In fact, according to Deborah Bacharachs book, Pearl Harbor, Fleet Chaplain William A. Maguire noted approvingly from abroad the Arizona that this day was a day for the tourists (Bachrach 8). However, two hundred and thirty miles to the northwest of Pearl Harbor activity of a different nature was taking place. Japanese pilots had already donned their warrior ceremonial dress, with their fresh loincloths, good luck belly bands and freshly pressed red shirts to show a warriors disdain for blood. They had eaten their ceremonial meals. They were ready for attack (Prange 21). According to William Shapiros book, at about the same time, off the coast of the Hawaiian Islands, abroad the destroyer U.S.S. Ward, Lieutenant William W. Outerbridge noticed a mysterious object in the water. He ordered his crew to fire at it. The ships guns sank a midget Japanese submarine lurking in the water. Outerbridge sent a report of his sighting the fleet. There was a delay in decoding Outerbridges message. When John E. Earle, the fleets commanders chief in staff, finally received it at 7:12 a.m., he dismissed it as a false alarm. Therefore, one warning was ignored (58). Sometime after 7:53 a.m. , reports Shapiro, U.S. radar crews in Hawaii picked up blips on their radar screens showing approaching aircraft. They were assumed signals from a group of Flying Fortresses expected to be making previous stopovers. In which case, another signal was ignored (59). At 7:53 a. m., Japanese flight attack Commander Mitusuo Fuchida approached his target. He knew he was in a precarious position because his air fleet was dangerously far from its carriers. He expected t find American planes waiting to fight back. Instead, he found nothing except the sunshine. It seemed to him as if the Americans were welcoming him to their country, leaving themselves open to civilian destruction (Bachrach 8) Tora, tora, tora, Fuchida radioed back excitedly to his commander, Chuichi Nagumo, waiting with the fleet. Torawas the code meaning that the Japanese had succeeded in launching a surprise attack. Two minutes after this signal Japanese bombs began falling like hail on the ninety-six helpless hips in Pearl harbors Battleship Row. The attack was such a complete surprise that it took American forces a few moments to realize what was going on. Finally Commander Logan Famsey, a naval patrol plane operations officer, sounded the alarm. Air raid pearl harbor! This is no drill! (Bachrach 11). Bombs exploded everywhere. Screams of the wounded and the scared filled the air. Five torpedoes struck the Oklahoma. Eight minutes later the ship was bottom up in the mud at the harbor. Only thirty-two of the on-hundred-twenty-five men trapped within the ship finally were cut free thirty-six hours later. Again at 8:40 the second wave of Japanese planes approached Pearl Harbor. By then the first shock of the attack had passed. American forces did what they could to defend the fleet. (13) Soon it was all over. All but a small number of Japanese planes had made it back to their carrier fleet. .u36df8067ce26c559f129a885db00956b , .u36df8067ce26c559f129a885db00956b .postImageUrl , .u36df8067ce26c559f129a885db00956b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u36df8067ce26c559f129a885db00956b , .u36df8067ce26c559f129a885db00956b:hover , .u36df8067ce26c559f129a885db00956b:visited , .u36df8067ce26c559f129a885db00956b:active { border:0!important; } .u36df8067ce26c559f129a885db00956b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u36df8067ce26c559f129a885db00956b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u36df8067ce26c559f129a885db00956b:active , .u36df8067ce26c559f129a885db00956b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u36df8067ce26c559f129a885db00956b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u36df8067ce26c559f129a885db00956b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u36df8067ce26c559f129a885db00956b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u36df8067ce26c559f129a885db00956b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u36df8067ce26c559f129a885db00956b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u36df8067ce26c559f129a885db00956b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u36df8067ce26c559f129a885db00956b .u36df8067ce26c559f129a885db00956b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u36df8067ce26c559f129a885db00956b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Why Is the Investment Appraisal Process so Important? Essay Naguam, his ships and his victorious pilots headed back to the Pacific Ocean, preparing to launch a similar attack against the Philippine islands and their famous commander, Douglas MacArthur. During their course, the Japanese left the smoldering ruins of the once proud American Pacific Fleet (15). For a year and a half the debate that raged the length was over going to war or .

Rembrandt Essays (417 words) - Rembrandt, Arts, Visual Arts

Rembrandt Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn was a baroque artist, who ranks as one of the greatest painters in the history of Western art. He understood the human nature very well, and with his outstanding ability, made him a painter that is very famous. Not only was Rembrandt a superb painter but he was also very good in drawing and etching. It is said that no painter has ever equaled Rembrandt's ability to use a different variety of shading and color contrast. He was born in Leiden, a city in the west Netherlands, on July 15, 1606. Rembrandt's parents thought it was very important for Rembrandt to get a good education. He began his studies at the Latin School, and at the age of 14 he was enrolled at the Leiden University. The program did not interest him, and he soon left to study art. His first apprentice was a local master, Jacob van Swanenburch. Then he moved on in Amsterdam, with Pieter Lastman, known for his historical paintings. After six months, having mastered everything he had been taught, Rembrandt returned to Leiden. In Leiden, Rembrandt was well respected even though he was barely 22 years old. So he started teaching people to paint to make a living. Rembrandt moved to Amsterdam in 1631. He married in 1634 to Saskia van Uylenburgh. She cousin of a successful art dealer and this enhanced his career by bringing him in contact with wealthy patrons who eagerly commissioned portraits. Rembrandt's mythological and religious works were much in demand. Because of he was well known as a teacher, his studio was filled with pupils, some of whom were already trained artists. In contrast to his successful public career, Rembrandt's family life was was just the opposite. Between 1635 and 1641 Saskia gave birth to four children. Only the last, Titus, survived. She died in 1642 which upset Rembrandt because he loved her very much. Hendrickje Stoffels, became his housekeeper in 1649, and eventually became his common-law wife. She modeled for many of his pictures. Despite Rembrandt's financial success as an artist, teacher, and art dealer, his love for the life of luxurious living, forced him to file for bankruptcy in 1656. Much of his works were auctioned off to pay his debts which was very saddening to him. In this auction he also sold his house. These problems in no way affected Rembrandt's work, if anything, it motivated him. His personal life, however, continued to be disturbed. His beloved Hendrickje died in 1663, and his son, Titus, in 1668. Eleven months later, on October 4, 1669, Rembrandt died in Amsterdam. Biographies

15 Flexible Careers That Pay Well

15 Flexible Careers That Pay Well Have the kind of complicated life that would really benefit (or even require) the ability to telecommute? More and more job seekers are looking for this kind of flexibility. And more and more fields are building that kind of work into their job descriptions. It cuts back on office time-frittering, makes for loyal and grateful employees, and cuts commute time considerably! Here are 15 of the best, highest-paying, and most flexible jobs out there, with the average annual salary of each- based on compensation, bonuses, perks, and profit-sharing, tips, and average commissions. Most of these salaries are reflective of a few years’ experience, so you might have to consider starting at a slightly lower rate if you’re just entering the profession.1. Clinical Research AssociateIf you can work your way up to a senior level, you could make nearly $95k per year. About 78% of workers telecommute.2. Sales EngineerSenior sales engineers make roughly $108k per year, with 64% telecommut ing.3. Service Delivery ManagerThis gig offers an average salary of $83k, with 64% telecommuting.4. Security ConsultantWhen you reach a senior level, you can earn  about $100k per year. About  64% of workers telecommute.5. Solutions ArchitectAbout 64% of solutions architects telecommute and earn up to $114k in annual compensation.6. Territory ManagerAbout 62% telecommute, earning and almost $66k per year.7. Professional Service ConsultantSenior-level service consultants earn nearly $96k per year, with  61% telecommuting.8. Software ConsultantSoftware consultants earn about $79k per year, with 58% telecommuting.9. Implementation ConsultantImplementation consultants can earn around $74k per year, with 58% telecommuting.10. Regional Sales ManagerAbout 56% of regional sales managers telecommute, earning an average salary of  $81k per year.11. Technical Sales EngineerAbout 56% telecommute, and earn  about $79k per year.12. Marketing ConsultantAbout 52% telecommute, and earn abo ut $67k per year.13. Instructional Designer (Training and Development)Median pay for a senior-level designer is $71k per year, with 52% telecommuting.14. SAP ConsultantSenior-level consultants can earn almost $99k a year, with 51% telecommuting.15. IT Program ManagerSenior-level IT managers can earn a whopping $126k per year, with 51% telecommuting.

Lexicalization Definition and Examples

Lexicalization Definition and Examples ...Lexicalization is the process of making a word to express a concept. Verb: lexicalize. Here are some examples and observations from experts and other writers: Examples and Observations The OED (1989) defines lexicalize (1) as to accept into the lexicon, or vocabulary, of a language, and lexicalization as the action or process of lexicalizing. In this sense simple and complex words, native as well as loanwords can be lexicalized. Thus, Lyons (1968:352) says that the relationship of the transitive (and causative) concept of to cause someone to die is expressed by a separate word, to kill (someone). Quirk et al. (1985:1525f.) restrict lexicalization to words formed by word-formation processes, explaining it as the process of creating a new word (a complex lexical item) for a (new) thing or notion instead of describing this thing or notion in a sentence or with a paraphrase. The use of words is more economical because they are shorter than the corresponding (underlying) sentences or paraphrases, and because they can be more easily used as elements of sentences. Thus one does not say someone who writes a book [...] for someone else, who then often pretends it is their o wn work, one says ghostwriter instead . . ..(Hans Sauer, Lexicalization and Demotivation. Morphology: An International Handbook on Inflection and Word-Formation, ed. by Christian Lehmann, G. E. Booij, Joachim Mugdan, and Wolfgang Kesselheim. Walter de Gruyter, 2004) Lexicalization and Idioms Despite a certain lack of consensus about the meaning of idiom, the identification of lexicalization with idiomatization is widespread . . .. Indeed, according to Lehmann (2002:14) idiomatization IS lexicalization in the sense of coming to belong to an inventory, and Moreno Cabrera (1998:214) points to idioms as the best examples of lexicalization. Lipka (1992:97) cites examples such as wheelchair, pushchair, and trousersuit, which have specific and unpredictable meanings. Bussmann [1996] considers idiomatization to be the diachronic element of lexicalization, which occurs when the original meaning can no longer be deduced from its individual elements or the original motivation of [a] unit can only be reconstructed through historical knowledge, as in the case of neighbor, cupboard, or mincemeat...Bauer identifies a subtype of lexicalization which he calls semantic lexicalization (1983:55-59), instancing compounds such as blackmail, mincemeat, townhouse, and butterfly or derivatives s uch as unquiet, gospel, and inspector which lack semantic compositionality (because semantic information has been either added or subtracted). Antilla (1989 [1972]:151) adduces examples such as sweetmeat, nutmeat, Holy Ghost spirit, widows weeds clothes, and fishwife, which are morphologically transparent but semantically opaque as instances of lexicalization. (Laurel J. Brinton and Elizabeth Closs Traugott, Lexicalization And Language Change. Cambridge University Press, 2005) It is important to note, however, that idiomatization is only one aspect of lexicalization, which is why the two terms should not be used interchangeably (as is sometimes the case). Rather lexicalization has to be regarded as the cover term for a range of phenomena, semantic and non-semantic. Bauer (1983: 49) also emphasizes that opacity is not a necessary pre-requisite for lexicalization since [s]ome lexicalized forms [...] may remain perfectly transparent, e.g. warmthwhich must be considered lexicalized because the suffix -th cannot be added synchronically to an adjective to provide a noun.(Peter Hohenhaus, Lexicalization and Institutionalization. Handbook of Word-Formation, ed. by Pavol Ã…  tekauer and Rochelle Lieber. Springer, 2005) Pronunciation: lek-si-ke-le-ZAY-shun Alternate Spellings: lexicalisation

Auditing and Assurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Auditing and Assurance - Essay Example The omission is considered as immaterial if it does not affect the decisions of the users of financial statements. If the discrepancies in the information provided by the financial statements are material, the auditor needs to check and cross-check the effects of the misstatement on the financial statements as a whole. For instance, a misstatement in the inventory is required to be evaluated through an evaluation of combined effect of its relevant and linked accounts. The materiality of this misstatement, hence, would consider the accumulated impact on inventory, total current assets, total working capital, total assets, income taxes, income taxes payable, total current liabilities, cost of goods sold, net income before taxes and net income after taxes (Arens, Elder, & Beasley, Audit Reports, 2012). The relationship of materiality and opinion is tied with a lengthy process of auditing the financial statements. This relationship, hence, influences the way an auditor works by deciding on the extent and scope of auditing. Materiality determines if the auditor needs more time to be spent on certain areas of financial statements. Moreover, it also decides the nature of the report and the type of opinion. A material misstatement, for instance, results in a qualified, disclaimer or an adverse report if it affects the decisions of the users. Auditors are responsible to discover and report direct-effect illegal acts in the same manner as errors and frauds. On the other hand, there are limitations to detect and report indirect-effect illegal acts. The direct-effect illegal acts are detectable as, usually, they have a financial impact in terms of, for example, tax calculations etc.; whereas, indirect-effect illegal acts are not easily determinable as they are more related to the company’s work procedures, environment and conduct. The three levels of